Summary
China’s growing dominance in the emerging market universe has portfolio implications for investors looking for diversification. While China grows as a key investment destination justifying greater attention and allocation in client portfolios, there remains a huge number of idiosyncratic opportunities across non-China emerging markets, which may justify a separate non-China emerging market allocation.
The Emerging Market (EM) equity landscape has changed materially both in size and shape. The market capitalisation of companies across EMs have been morphing, changing, rotating, but with one consistent theme, that of the growing dominance of Chinese equities. China comprises more than 30% of the MSCI EM index and continues to grow in scale, importance, and consequence. But even with this increasing dominance within Emerging Markets, it can be argued that China is still under-represented within global investment markets and investor portfolios and justifies a larger allocation as depicted in Fig 1.
Fig 1: China’s share of global GDP and market cap justifies larger equity market capitalisation
When investors think about allocations to EMs, they often do so to capture the diverse return opportunities over time, of which China has now become the primary driver. The largest stocks in the MSCI EM Index have also become more and more Chinese centric. As a single country becomes dominant in an equity index, investors tend to move to discrete allocations to that country. This creates demand for a new regional construct to ensure the investment opportunity set does not shrink.
Where single countries dominate, such as US in the MSCI World Index, investors have made discrete allocations to that market which has supported the growing popularity of the World ex US Index and EAFE (Europe, Australasia, and Far East) indices. We believe that China and the MSCI EM Index may follow a similar path. We also note that China’s market capitalisation has steadily risen over the last 10 years. See Fig. 2.
Fig 2: China’s market cap has steadily risen
China’s index dominance crowds out alpha opportunities
China represented just 5% of the MSCI EM Index 20 years ago. As of end of 2021, it stood at 32% and is forecast to rise to 44% in the next few years based on a 100% inclusion of China A shares into the index. See Fig 3. China’s rising share of the index has come at the expense of other EMs.
As China’s index weight continues to increase, it can crowd out attractive alpha opportunities. There remains a huge number of idiosyncratic opportunities across EMs ex China which justify a separate market allocation. For example, relatively recent additions to the index such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Kuwait have been lost in the growing dominance of China.
Fig 3: Changing impact on MSCI EM index weights with China A-shares’ inclusion
Likewise, there are many potential investment opportunities from smaller EM countries that should not be forgotten as they often fly under the radar. We still see a growing number of candidates outside of China that offer investment opportunities. Markets outside of China, which have been crowded out, offer attractive investment opportunities.
Risk of overlooking countries with attractive valuations
South Africa was almost 15% of the index in 2002. In 2015, the weight dropped to 6.8%. Today its share has fallen to 3.6%. Similarly, other markets such as Mexico, Malaysia, Chile etc. have experienced similar diminishing shares. What this means is that there is the risk of missing out on the attractive valuation opportunities these markets offer. See Fig 4. Based on price-to-book ratios over the last ten years, markets such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Mexico, South Africa, and Chile are trading at very attractive levels. At current valuations, these markets will likely offer plenty of investment options.
Fig 4: Forgotten countries offer attractive valuations
Valuations aside, there are some other notable differences when we compare the various metrics between MSCI EM Index and MSCI EM ex China Index. First, the stock count reduces from 1,375 to 6621 in EM ex China which reflects the long tail of the smaller companies in the Chinese A share market, but still offers a large universe for a bottom-up stock picker.
With regards to China specifically, while the investment opportunity remains attractive, the ongoing US-China tensions and the pressure from the West about China’s stance on the Russia-Ukraine conflict may continue to impact Chinese corporates. Companies and governments are already diversifying their supply chains to reduce reliance on China. As such an EM ex China allocation can help clients to navigate the shifting landscapes.
The EM ex China universe has comparable liquidity to major markets
An increasing trend to allocate to Chinese equities is evident in the global equity fund flows’ data. Data from 2017 shows that there has been a steady rise of cumulative net inflows into China-A share equities. Conversely EM ex China experienced a steady decline; net outflows amounted to USD 100bn as of end Dec 2021. As a result, EM ex China’s allocation in global mutual funds is well below the historic average.
Despite the outflows, EM ex China’s investible universe has exhibited comparable liquidity to other major markets. See Fig 5. Aside from the US, the average six monthly liquidity based on value traded in EM ex China for stocks with more than USD 2bn market cap is on par with the EU ex UK.
Fig 5: Liquidity conditions are comparable in EM ex China
Why the next decade looks different to the last decade
Post the 2009 Global Financial Crisis, the policy response from central banks and governments then focused on monetary policy and the banking system. There was little growth, no inflation, a bias away from capex and asset heavy models. This was the decade of the digital revolution; investors avoided value names and instead preferred high-quality stocks and those with short-term earnings potential. This trend was exacerbated in 2020 due to COVID-19 and created an extreme valuation dispersion within EM ex China between cheap stocks and expensive stocks.
But since late 2020, there has been a reversal in sentiment with value stocks strongly outperforming their growth sector peers. Despite the outperformance there is still plenty of room for value stocks to continue their run given that the current policy response is focused on investing in the real economy and supporting consumers. We are seeing substantial inflationary pressure along with rising rates which can help value stocks while hurting expensive growth and quality stocks.
We believe this is the decade of the decarbonisation revolution which will benefit equities related to real economy sectors such as many of those in the value space currently. A value-driven EM ex China strategy also tends to outperform in the long term. See Fig 6. Disciplined value investors thus have a unique opportunity to capture future outperformance in a diversified EM ex China universe.
Fig 6: Style performance of the EM ex China strategy
Footnotes
Sources:
1 Eastspring Investments, 31 January 2023. MSCI Index.
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